Transforming Sustainable Architecture through Extended Reality (XR): A Cognitive and Decision-Support Framework for Sustainable Architectural Design

Abstract

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector significantly impacts
worldwide energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating sustainable and
data-driven design practices. Extended Reality (XR), comprising Virtual Reality (VR),
Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR), has surfaced as a revolutionary digital
technology that enhances sustainability-focused architectural decision-making. Nonetheless,
current research has mostly concentrated on visualization capabilities, offering limited
empirical information concerning XR's cognitive and behavioral effect on achieving
sustainability results. This research fills gap by employing  mixed-method research
strategy that combines PRISMA-based systematic literature review with quantitative
empirical investigation utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM). Total of 214 valid
replies were obtained from professionals and academics in architecture, engineering, 
construction in the MENA area. The results indicate that XR usability markedly improves
sustainability understanding (β = 0.65, p < .001) , user engagement (β = 0.68, p < .001),
both of which positively affect decision-making efficiency. The SEM model demonstrated
robust fit indices (CFI = 0.948; RMSEA = 0.052), validating suggested conceptual
framework. This study contributes conceptually by integrating experiential learning theory,
embodied cognition, human-centered decision-making into field of XR research. The
findings demonstrate XR as a cognitive and decision-support system that enhances sustainable
design outputs throughout the building's lifetime.