Transforming Sustainable Architecture through Extended Reality (XR): A Cognitive and Decision-Support Framework for Sustainable Architectural Design

Abstract

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector significantly impacts worldwide energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating sustainable and data-driven design practices. Extended Reality (XR), comprising Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR), has surfaced as a revolutionary digital technology that enhances sustainability-focused architectural decision-making. Nonetheless, current research has mostly concentrated on visualization capabilities, offering limited empirical information concerning XR's cognitive and behavioral effect on achieving sustainability results. This research fills gap by employing  mixed-method research strategy that combines PRISMA-based systematic literature review with quantitative empirical investigation utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM). Total of 214 valid replies were obtained from professionals and academics in architecture, engineering, construction in the MENA area. The results indicate that XR usability markedly improves sustainability understanding (β = 0.65, p < .001) , user engagement (β = 0.68, p < .001), both of which positively affect decision-making efficiency. The SEM model demonstrated robust fit indices (CFI = 0.948; RMSEA = 0.052), validating suggested conceptual framework. This study contributes conceptually by integrating experiential learning theory, embodied cognition, human-centered decision-making into field of XR research. The findings demonstrate XR as a cognitive and decision-support system that enhances sustainable design outputs throughout the building's lifetime.