The Impact of Biophilic Design on Virtual Reality Learning Environments: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Biophilic design is recognized for improving well-being, cognitive performance, and learning outcomes in educational spaces. However, its potential within immersive learning environments remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate how integrating biophilic principles in the design of Virtual Reality environments can influence learning experiences and performance. The paper presents a narrative literature review on the use of biophilic design in VR learning environments, analysing studies from major academic databases to identify key themes, design strategies, and outcomes related to biophilic elements in digital spaces. Findings indicate that incorporating natural patterns, daylight simulation, vegetation, and biomorphic forms in VR environments may support attention restoration, reduce cognitive fatigue, and enhance learners’ sense of presence and emotional comfort. These results highlight the potential of biophilic VR design as a strategy to support healthier and more effective immersive learning environments, contributing to emerging research at the intersection of architecture, digital environments, and educational design.